Why marriage is essential or it is an institution there have many types of family based on peoples living married life that is related to deviance also dysfunctions of deviance, functions of deviance also psychological deviance that is needed for family and marriage life to get into that life essential or it is not essentials.
What is marriage??
And, why is it an
institution???
Marriage is…
… A socially approved sexual and economic relationship between two people of opposite genders.
This relationship is assumed to be permanent and it includes mutual rights and obligations.
This definition highlights 3 aspects
Marriage does not simply include marrying
parties, but also members of society who must
approve the union.
Marriage provides for the regulation of sexual behavior and childbearing and it is the only legitimate context for both activities.
Besides romantic love, economic exchanges and
financial responsibilities are the basis of
marriage.
German folk saying goes…..
‘It is not man marries maid but field marries field, vineyard marries vineyard, cattle marry cattle.’
(Ember & Ember, 1998)
Because of these reasons, marriage is an
institution. It is the gateway to another
institution called family.
“When we think of a family, we picture it
as a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children, or of a man and woman alone with children.”
William F. Ogburn and Meyer F. Nimkoff
in Marriage and the Family
“The family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.”
Macgyver & Paez
in Society: Its structure and Change
Functions of a family
· Biological functions
· Psychological functions
· Educational functions
· Economical functions
· Maintenance functions
Functions of a family (contd)
· Political functions
· Religious functions
Socialization functions
Recreational functions
Recreational function:
An Indian family on a boat ride
Psychological function: An American mother nurturing her children socialization function
Eating together at lunch & dinner enhances socialization among family members
Changes
in the Functions of a family in modern times
· Birth and childcare· Economic functions
· Educational functions
· Recreational functions
· Political functions
Characteristics of a family
· Universality
· Emotional basis
· Formative influence
· Limited size
Characteristics
of a family (contd)
· Nuclear position in social structure
· Responsibility of the members
· Social regulation
· Permanent and temporary nature
·
Types of families
According to
Degree of Power
Patriarchal family
Matriarchal family
Types of families
According to Post Marital Place of Residence
Patrilocal family Matrilocal family Neolocal family
Types of families
According to Descent and Property Inheritance
Patrilineal family
Matrilineal family
Types of families
According to the Size of Family
Nuclear family Extended family Joint family
Types of families
According to
Number of Spouses
Monogamous family Polygynous family Polyandrous family
Family-based group marriage
Types of families
According to
Principles of Spouse Selection
Exogamous family
Endogamous family
Compare and contrast functions
· Modern families
· Biological functions
· Political functions
· Educational functions
· Recreational functions
· Economical functions
· Psychological functions
· Primitive families
· Biological functions
· Political functions
· Religious functions
· Economical functions
Future of Family
· Liberal view
‘Family will stay ‘coz other institutions will never
replace its roles and functions· Conservative view
‘Big changes will harm family structure’
· Radical view
‘Family may perish given equal economic liberty of men and women
Nuclear family vs.
Joint family
· What are the positives and negatives of
both families?
· What is causing joint families to break
into nuclear families?
· Analyze the Bangladeshi family pattern
(urban and rural ) in this regard.
Compiled & prepared by Faheem H Shahed, Ph.D.
Deviant Behavior and Social Control
Dining Hall at Alcatraz
Scope
What is Deviance?
· Misconceptions
· Functions and Dysfunctions of Deviance
· Theories of Crime and Deviance
- Biological Theories Psychological Theories
- Sociological Theorie
- Mechanisms of Social Control
· Types of crime
What is Deviance?
· Deviance is any behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of a group or society
· In defining norms and rules, society invokes a moral code and makes moral judgments about what is appropriate and what is inappropriate behavior
Misconceptions of Deviance
· Deviant behavior is always bad
· Deviant behavior is always
· Deviant behavior is a criminal
Functions of Deviance
· Deviance makes conformity seem more
· Deviance helps to define social
· Deviance may serve as a safety valve to release pressure, thereby avoiding more harmful
· Deviance increases group
· Deviance can bring necessary social
Dysfunctions of Deviance
· Deviance can be a threat to the social order
· Deviance can cause confusion about norms
· Deviance may destroy interpersonal trust
· Deviance diverts valuable resources from other
social needs
· Deviance destroys the motivation of other
Theories of Crime and Deviance
Psychological Theories of Deviance
· Psychoanalytic theory is based on the work of
Sigmund Freud
· Freud suggested that much deviance results from the inability of the ego and superego to control the urges of the id
n Hans Eysenck: Extrovert type of people are more likely to be deviant.
· Deviance is the result of
· Deviance is the result of
Biological Theories of Deviance
· Cesare Lombroso believed that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to a more ape- like being
· A. Hooten, also suggested that criminals were “born” inferior. They have genetic defects.
· William Sheldon identified that people with muscular body type are more likely to be
Sociological Theories of Deviance
Classical theory: Anomie and Deviance
· Anomie theory is based on the work of Emile
Durkheim
- He suggested that when there was an insufficient definition of social norms a state of anomie results.
· Anomie results due to the inability to conform
· Anomie results due to failure to
Modern industrial societies have higher
anomie rate due to high privacy.
Anomie and Strain Theory
· Strain theory, developed by Robert
Merton, builds on Durkheim’s ideas
Anomie is the result of strain.
· Strain exists between culturally prescribed goals and socially approved ways to achieve the
Merton’s Typology of Adaptation to Strain
Mode of Adaptation Culture’s Goals
Institutionalized Means
Conformity Accept AcceptInnovation Accept RejectRitualism Accept
Retreatism Reject
Rebellion
Reject
Replace with Alternative
Reject
Replace with Alternative
Labeling Theory
· Deviance depends on the interaction between those who commit a deviant act (or said to have committed) and the rest of the
· A person is labeled as deviant on the basis of ideas about right and wrong of the society itself or of the sub-groups within the
· It means laws make a person
Cultural Transmission Theory/Interactionist Theory
· Insists that deviant behavior is learned
in the process of interacting with others
· Edwin Sutherland developed a general cultural transmission theory called differential association
· Suggested that deviant and criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others who define deviance in positive terms
Types of Crime
Mechanisms of Social Control
· Social control mechanisms are means by which society can influence people’s behavior to conform to expectations
· Two types of social control mechanisms
o Internal Mechanisms-as part of the socialization process,
individuals internalize society’s expectations
· External Mechanisms-externally imposed by others, in the
form of rewards and punishments
· The rewards and punishments used in external
control are called sanctions